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    "Low-carbon economy" has become a trend, and relevant policies have emerged accordingly. However, in the process of implementing these policies, it must be recognized that whether an industry is "low-carbon" and "emission-reduced" should be evaluated from the entire system of production and use. The problems caused in the production process cannot be ignored just because of the low emissions in the use phase. Only when the entire system achieves emission reduction can it truly be considered as emission reduction.

For example, in the polysilicon industry, a key material for the photovoltaic industry, data shows that 10 kilograms of polysilicon are needed for 1 kilowatt of polysilicon photovoltaic cells, and manufacturing these polysilicon cells requires about 6,000 kWh of electricity, emitting more than 40 kilograms of highly toxic substances such as silicon tetrachloride. Research indicates that the net electricity generation of polysilicon photovoltaics is actually negative, and the energy required to manufacture a set of polysilicon photovoltaic systems is almost equivalent to all the electricity generated by the system during its service life.

Wind power is the fastest-growing industry in China's new energy sector. In recent years, some local governments and energy enterprises have jointly invested heavily in building multi-gigawatt wind power bases. However, in this rapid development, the production technology of some core components has been difficult to overcome.

According to reports, there are currently 83 wind turbine manufacturers in China, most of which are assembly-based enterprises lacking core technologies and proprietary intellectual property. Some experts believe that these imported wind turbine technologies are more suitable for the European wind power environment, and if they are not improved, their direct use will have an impact on China's power grid. On the other hand, the stability of these enterprises' production equipment needs to be determined through long-term operation. Design and process defects that may be exposed during use may cause the emission reduction effect to fall short of expectations, and may even fail to neutralize the emissions emitted during the production process of these wind power equipment.

The high-speed railway, which is currently developing rapidly in China, also faces this balance point issue. Although the Ministry of Railways constantly emphasizes that high-speed rail is powered by electricity and has zero exhaust gas and carbon emissions, the zero carbon emissions of high-speed rail during operation do not equate to zero carbon emissions for the entire high-speed rail system.

High-speed rail is powered by electricity, but the power generation process inevitably produces emissions. Data shows that the power of a 350-kilometer-per-hour multiple unit train is 8,800 kW, with 16 kW per capita; the power of a 250-kilometer-per-hour multiple unit train is 4,800 kW, with 7.8 kW per capita. Based on this calculation, the per capita carbon emissions of a 350-kilometer-per-hour multiple unit train are more than double that of a 250-kilometer-per-hour multiple unit train. From a speed of 200 kilometers per hour to 350 kilometers per hour, the cost increases significantly in terms of operation, energy consumption, and maintenance system. The development of high-speed rail should not solely focus on speed. While maintaining a certain degree of advanced planning and construction, factors such as technology, distance, and environmental protection should be comprehensively considered, and high-speed rail technology should be selectively implemented.

Among the original countries of high-speed rail technology, Japan's Shinkansen operates at a speed of 300 kilometers per hour, France's Mediterranean line operates at a speed of 320 kilometers per hour, and Germany's high-speed rail operates at a speed of only 300 kilometers per hour. Higher-speed high-speed rail is not technically impossible in these countries, but it is a comprehensive consideration of speed requirements, energy consumption, environmental protection, and other factors.

Low-carbon economy is a systematic project. In promoting the development of a low-carbon economy, we cannot only evaluate the results in isolation, but must comprehensively consider the upstream and downstream industries and the entire industrial process. Only in this way can we bring about a substantial transformation in the mode of economic development and achieve green growth in GDP. (Reporter Guo Hong)